Sources & image credits

001-price-levels · “Does Expensive Mean Worse Off? Switzerland’s Price Levels Explained” · Watch on YouTube

Every number in the video is traceable to the sources below. Figures are national averages and may be revised.

Sources cited in the video

Eurostat (2026-07-09). Price level indices, 2025 (tec00120). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00120/default/table?lang=enUsed for: Highest and lowest price levels in Europe; Switzerland 171 (EU27 = 100)
Eurostat (2026-07-09). Purchasing power parities, price level indices and real expenditures (prc_ppp_ind_1). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_ppp_ind_1/default/table?lang=enUsed for: Europe's price ladder, product groups, consumption volumes, 2019–2025 changes
Eurostat (2026-07-09). Euro exchange rates, annual data (ert_bil_eur_a). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ert_bil_eur_a/default/table?lang=enUsed for: Exchange-rate leg of the Swiss and Polish price-level changes
Eurostat, Statistics Explained (2026-06-17). Comparative price levels of consumer goods and services. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Comparative_price_levels_of_consumer_goods_and_servicesUsed for: Spreads by product group; first-estimate status; not a strict ranking
Eurostat (2026-01-19). Purchasing power parities (prc_ppp), reference metadata (ESMS). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/prc_ppp_esms.htmUsed for: Definition of the price level index; why it is not a time series of inflation; housing treatment
Eurostat, Statistics Explained (2018-03-01). Glossary: Purchasing power standard (PPS). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Purchasing_power_standard_(PPS)Used for: What a PPS is
Eurostat, Statistics Explained (2017-07-28). Glossary: Actual individual consumption (AIC). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Actual_individual_consumption_(AIC)Used for: What 'actual individual consumption' covers
Eurostat and OECD (2012-12-04). FAQ about Purchasing Power Parities (Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/728703/728974/FAQ-PPP.pdfUsed for: Exchange rates vs PPPs for different comparisons
World Bank, World Development Indicators (2026-07-13). Price level ratio of PPP conversion factor (private consumption) to market exchange rate (PA.NUS.PRVT.PLI). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PRVT.PLIUsed for: Price levels on the US = 100 scale; Japan and Switzerland 2019–2025
World Bank, World Development Indicators (2026-07-13). GDP per capita, current US$ (NY.GDP.PCAP.CD). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CDUsed for: Price level vs income per head (association, not cause)
World Bank, International Comparison Program (2025). ICP Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp/faqUsed for: Why richer economies tend to have higher price levels; not a strict ranking
OECD (2026). Average annual wages (OECD.ELS.SAE, DSD_EARNINGS@AV_AN_WAGE). https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.SAE,DSD_EARNINGS@AV_AN_WAGE,1.0/allUsed for: Average full-time wages at exchange rates and at PPP, 2025
IMF Staff Papers 52(3) (2005). Choudhri and Khan, “Real Exchange Rates in Developing Countries: Are Balassa-Samuelson Effects Present?”. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/staffp/2005/04/pdf/choudhri.pdfUsed for: Balassa-Samuelson explanation
Journal of International Economics 102 (2016). Hassan, “The Price of Development: the Penn-Balassa-Samuelson effect revisited”. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022199616300873Used for: Counter-evidence: the price-income link among the lowest-income countries

Also consulted during research

Eurostat (2026-07-09). GDP per capita in PPS (tec00114). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00114/default/table?lang=en
OECD (2002-03). Purchasing power parities – measurement and uses (Statistics Brief). https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/data/insights/data-explainers/2024/6/Statistics-Brief-PPPs-measurement-and-use-March%202002.pdf
World Bank, World Development Indicators (2026-07-13). GNI per capita, PPP (NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD

Image credits (Wikimedia Commons)

Photos are used under the licences below. All were resized and cropped to 16:9 and shown with camera motion; “text/graphics added” means charts, labels or other images were placed over the photo. The authors do not endorse Money Measured. The licence terms of each photo are unchanged and no additional restrictions are applied.

1. Balise42

Zürich Bahnhofstrasse 02.jpg

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2. Balise42

Zürich Bahnhofstrasse 04.jpg

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3. Daniel Kraft

Zürich view Quaibrücke 20200702.jpg

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4. Andrew Shiva / Wikipedia (Commons user Godot13)

Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), Lucerne, Switzerland 02.jpg

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5. Der Messer

LacDeGenève Apr 2017 06.jpg

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6. Kay Röllig

Lauterbrunnen (223359367).jpeg

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7. Radosław Botev

Vitosha Boulevard Sofia (1).jpg

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8. Mark Ahsmann

20140615 Sofia 002.jpg

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9. www.bdmundo.com

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10. OleNeitzel

Munkbroleden with Kornhamstorg at Gamla Stan, Stockholm, Sweden 01.jpg

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11. Jakub Hałun

Nyhavn, Copenhagen, 20220618 1725 7350.jpg

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12. Rhododendrites

Market Square Warsaw (22594p).jpg

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13. Igor123121

Old Town Market Square, ..2026, Warsaw, Poland.jpg

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14. Norbert Nagel

Frankfurt Skyline with river Main 2014.jpg

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15. Gerd Eichmann

Reykjavik-27-Laugavegur-2018-gje.jpg

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Calle Madero - Mexico City.jpg

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17. Emw

National Mall viewed from Capitol; Washington, DC; 2013-10-06.JPG

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18. NorbertNagel

Chicago Skyline Sunrise March 15 2026 - 02.jpg

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19. David Kernan

Tokyo Tower, Minato City.jpg

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20. DesiBoy101

Buildings near Crawford Market, Mumbai.jpg

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Other media

Stock video and some photos: Pexels (Pexels License, credit not required).
Public-domain / CC0 images (no credit required): Wikimedia Commons (Budapest Chain Bridge, Sofia Zhenski Pazar, Tokyo Shibuya, Zürich Bahnhofstrasse c. 1900) and NASA night-lights imagery.
Charts, maps and text cards: made by Money Measured from the data above.
Some illustrations and the thumbnail background are AI-generated (no real people). Narration is a synthetic AI voice (Kokoro).

Made with AI assistance and checked against the sources above. Educational only, not financial advice. Last updated 2026-10-04.